Unit 1 - Scientific Foundations of Psychology

 

Name:     ID: 

 

Email: 

Unit 1 A

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
A B C D E	1.	The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by a. Plato and Socrates. b. John Locke and Francis Bacon. c. Plato and René Descartes. d. Socrates and Confucius. e. Aristotle and Socrates.
A B C D E	2.	The first psychological laboratory was established by a. William James. b. John Watson. c. Wilhelm Wundt. d. Sigmund Freud. e. Jean Piaget.
A B C D E	3.	Which of the following innovations differentiated Wilhelm Wundt's research the most from any psychologist before him? a. empiricism b. structuralism c. tabula rasa d. laboratory research e. separation of mind and body
A B C D E	4.	Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. John B. Watson c. Sigmund Freud d. William James e. Mary Calkins
A B C D E	5.	Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. William James d. John B. Watson e. Sigmund Freud
A B C D E	6.	In the 1960s, humanistic psychologists considered the approach advanced by behaviorists to be excessively a. illogical. b. biological. c. introspective. d. limited. e. cognitive.
A B C D E	7.	Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of a. evolution versus natural selection. b. stage development versus continuous development. c. structuralism versus functionalism. d. behavior versus mental processes. e. nature versus nurture.
A B C D E	8.	Professor Karthik attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual behavior. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ approach. a. biopsychosocial b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. cognitive e. social-cultural
A B C D E	9.	Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. a. humanistic b. cognitive c. biological d. psychodynamic e. behavioral
A B C D E	10.	Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. social-cultural d. biological e. evolutionary
A B C D E	11.	Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. social b. clinical c. developmental d. industrial-organizational e. biological
A B C D E	12.	Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. developmental b. clinical c. social d. biological e. industrial-organizational
A B C D E	13.	The psychologist who would be least likely to participate in devising ways to improve teaching and learning in a classroom would be a(n) _______ psychologist. a. educational b. developmental c. school d. cognitive e. experimental
A B C D E	14.	Professor Raza suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of a. the hindsight bias. b. the placebo effect. c. a hypothesis. d. illusory correlation. e. an operational definition.
A B C D E	15.	Which research method is typically used to examine one participant in depth, usually because the individual's situation/behavior is rare or unusual? a. survey b. correlation c. experiment d. case study e. scientific method
A B C D E	16.	A smaller survey attempts to make generalizations to a larger group. That group is called a. control condition. b. population. c. case study. d. independent variable. e. survey.
A B C D E	17.	To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of a. random assignment. b. naturalistic observation. c. replication. d. correlation. e. random sampling.
A B C D E	18.	George was worried about his bakery's new cupcakes after two customers disliked them on the first day, but when he surveyed his customers over the next week, more than 90% of the customers said they loved them. By giving too much weight to those two customers before the survey, George almost committed an error known as a. a sampling bias. b. wording effects. c. a replication error. d. confusing correlation with causation. e. not following ethical guidelines.
A B C D E	19.	Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables? a. –0.12 b. +1.00 c. –0.99 d. +0.25 e. –0.50
A B C D E	20.	Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education? a. +0.05 b. –0.01 c. +0.10 d. +0.50 e. –0.001
A B C D E	21.	Based on the information provided in the chart above, which scatterplot best represents the relationship between study hours and test grades. (In the scatterplots below, the x-axis is hours of study and the y-axis is test grades.) a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
A B C D E	22.	The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates a. an illusory correlation. b. operational definition. c. the hindsight bias. d. overconfidence. e. random sampling.
A B C D E	23.	Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates a. the illusion of control. b. illusory correlation. c. the hindsight bias. d. overconfidence. e. random sampling.
A B C D E	24.	Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between a. facts and theories. b. causes and effects. c. case studies and surveys. d. random samples and representative samples. e. hypotheses and operational definitions.
A B C D E	25.	Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment? a. The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior. b. The research participants are exposed to all the different hypotheses. c. The experimental group receives the experimental treatment d. The experimental group does not receive the experimental treatment e. The operational definition is not applied to their variables.
A B C D E	26.	Professional psychological associations require researchers to a. study animals only in their natural environment. b. obtain informed consent before using any animals as subjects in research. c. test only dependent, not independent, variables on animals. d. minimize infection, illness, and pain in animal subjects. e. protect only cats, dogs, and primates, not mice or rats, from unnecessary pain.
A B C D E	27.	During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was a. 2. b. 50. c. 10. d. 12. e. 9.
A B C D E	28.	The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the a. mean. b. range. c. median. d. standard deviation. e. correlation coefficient.
A B C D E	29.	Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events? a. mean b. scatterplot c. standard deviation d. median e. correlation coefficient
A B C D E	30.	To determine whether a research finding is statistically significant, researchers a. compare the means of the control group and experimental group. b. survey other researchers to ensure the hypothesis is significant. c. perform detailed case studies to validate findings. d. confirm correlational evidence with empirical findings. e. convert positive correlations to negative ones.